The Strategy for Preventing Delays in the Crew Change Process on the Fleet of PT. Satrya Maritim Indonesia
Keywords:
Crew Change, Qualitative Research, Operational Efficiency, Maritime Industry, DelaysAbstract
This study aims to explore the factors contributing to delays in crew change processes at PT Satrya Maritim Indonesia and propose strategic solutions to mitigate these delays. Using a qualitative approach, the research involves in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis to identify both internal and external factors influencing the delays. Internal factors include limited standby crew, unstructured crew rotation planning, and administrative errors, while external factors involve delays in visa and work permit processing, sudden changes in immigration policies, and weather-related transportation disruptions. The consequences of these delays are significant, impacting the company financially through fines, operational disruptions, and a decrease in crew performance due to extended work periods. The study recommends implementing a structured timeline for crew change, enhancing the standby crew database, digitalizing crew management systems, and improving coordination between internal and external parties. By adopting these strategies, PT Satrya Maritim Indonesia can reduce delays, enhance operational efficiency, improve safety, and strengthen its competitiveness in the global maritime industry.
References
(ILO), I. L. O. (2006). Maritime Labour Convention (MLC), 2006. https://www.ilo.org/id/media/116456/download
(IMO), I. M. O. (2020a). Fitness for duty. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/HumanElement/Pages/Seafarers-hours-of-work-and-rest.aspx
(IMO), I. M. O. (2020b). Seafarers’ hours of work and rest. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/HumanElement/Pages/Seafarers-hours-of-work-and-rest.aspx
(IMO), I. M. O. (2025). Safety and environmental best practices for port operations. IMO Publications.
(IMO), I. M. O., & (ILO), I. L. O. (2010). Guidelines for the development of tables of seafarers’ shipboard working arrangements and formats of records of seafarers’ hours of work or hours of rest. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/HumanElement/Documents/ILO-IMO-Hours of rest_1.pdf
Bhatia, B. S. (2024). PRACTICE UNVEILS WEAKNESSES: Analysing the Implementation of Regulations on Seafarers’ Work/Rest Hours (Issue 37). WMU.
Borovnik, Maria. (2024). Trapped in the COVID-19 pandemic: Seafarers and the global crew change crisis. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 33(1), 93–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968241253850
De Beukelaer, C. (2021). COVID‑19 border closures cause humanitarian crew change crisis at sea. Marine Policy, 132(1), 104661. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104661
Dohrmann, S., & Leppin, A. (2017). Determinants of seafarers’ fatigue: a systematic review and quality assessment. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 90(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-016-1174-y
El-Thalji, I. (2024). Exploring More Sustainable Offshore Logistics Scenarios Using Shared Resources: A Multi-Stakeholder Perspective. Logistics, 8(4), 101–116. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics8040101
Hitt, M., Ireland, R., & Hoskisson, R. (2013). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization. Cengage Southwestern Publishing Co.
ILO, I. L. O. (2022). Joint statement urging continued collaboration to address the crew change crisis, safeguard seafarer health and safety, and avoid supply chain disruptions. https://www.ilo.org/resource/statement/joint-statement-urging-continued-collaboration-address-crew-change-crisis-0
IMO, I. M. O., ILO, I. L. O., Compact, U. N. G., & OHCHR, O. of the H. C. for H. R. (2021). Maritime Human Rights Risks and the COVID‑19 Crew Change Crisis. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/Documents/Maritime Human Rights Risks and the COVID-19 Crew Change Crisis 20210425.pdf
IMO, I. M. O., ILO, I. L. O., & ICAO, I. C. A. O. (2020). IMO, ILO, and ICAO Joint Statement on Crew Change and Key Workers. https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/pages/16-IMO-ICAO-ILO-joint-statement.aspx
Jepsen, Riis;, J., Zhao, Z., Leeuwen, V., & A, W. M. (2015). mitigation Seafarer fatigue : a review of risk factors , consequences for seafarers ’ health and safety and options for mitigation. International Maritime Health, 66(2), 106–117. https://doi.org/10.5603/IMH.2015.0024
Karmeli, J. (2025). Liner Schedule Reliability Problem : An Empirical Analysis of Disruptions and Recovery Measures in Container Shipping. Logistics, 9(4), 1–24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics9040149
Kerkamm, F., Dengler, D., Eichler, M., Materzok-Köppen, D., Belz, L., Neumann, F. A., Zyriax, B. C., Harth, V., & Oldenburg, M. (2021). Measurement Methods of Fatigue, Sleepiness, and Sleep Behaviour Aboard Ships: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010120
Lau, Y., Chen, Q., Poo, M. C.-P., Ng, A. K. Y., & Ying, C. C. (2024). Maritime transport resilience: A systematic literature review on the current state of the art, research agenda and future research directions. Ocean & Coastal Management, 251(1), 107086. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107086
Luchenko, D., & Georgiievskyi, I. (2021). Administrative Restrictions in Ports: Practice of Crew Rotations During COVID-19 Pandemic. Lex Portus, 7(3), 7–31. https://doi.org/10.26886/2524-101X.7.3.2021.1
Ma, M., & Liao, R. (2025). Factors affecting seafarers’ fatigue: a scoping review. Frontiers in Public Health, 13(1), 1647685. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1647685
Ma, X., Shi, G., & Liu, Z. (2023). Unraveling the Usage Characteristics of Human Element, Human Factor, and Human Error in Maritime Safety. Applied Sciences, 13(5), 2850–2867. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052850
Maharani, A., Dewi, A. M., Dokumen, P., Kapal, S. K., Operasional, E., & Pelayaran, M. (2025). Analisis Mekanisme Replacement Dan Pengurusan Dokumen Crew Dalam Operasional Kapal Perusahaan Gurita Lintas Samudera. Majalah Ilmiah Bahari Jogja (MIBJ), 23(2), 167–178. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33489/mibj.v23i2.464
Mba, J. (2025). Advancing maritime operations sustainable practices and enhanced safety protocols for global shipping. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 25(1), 152–173. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.25.1.0028
Muhamad, I. N. N., & Salleh, S. S. (2024). Identifying Delay Factors in Maritime Operations : A Case Study of Ship Owner Perspective. International Journal Of Academic Research In Business And Social Sciences, 14(9), 261–275. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v14-i9/22318
Pangayuh, F. G., Siantur, Intan, Yudianto, P. Y., & Nofandi, F. (2025). Analisis Proses Crew Change Terhadap Kelancaran Operasional Kapal. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Business (RIGGS), 4(2), 4384–4389. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31004/riggs.v4i2.1237
Purnaningratri, I., Novi, R., Setiawan, A., & Widhianingsih, E. N. (2025). The Urgency of Developing a Crewing Management System ( CMS ) for PT MCS Internasional in the Era of Maritime Digitalization. Asian Journal of Social and Humanities, 4(1), 2265–2272. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.59888/3n7n4h62
Rapika, R., Sabila, F., & Siregar, N. (2025). Tantangan Dan Peluang Dalam Manajemen Kru Kapal Di Era Digital Pada PT Equinox Sentra Bahari Cabang Belawan. Jurnal Adiguna Maritim Indonesia, 2(1), 22–25. https://doi.org/10.54196/jami.v2i1.190
Ricardianto, P., Susilowati, E., Endri, E., Tjiptosudarmo, S., Suryobuwono, A. A., Soekirman, A., Wijana, I. M. D., & Kuncoro, Y. (2023). Vessel Crew Rotation Of The National Shipping Company During Covid-19 Pandemic Period. Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review, 7(4), 350–359. https://doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv7i4sip13
Sallis, E. (2002). Total Quality Management in Education. Routledge (Taylor and Francis Group). https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&id=QAOORZ9NdHQC&printsec=frontcover&utm_source=chatgpt.com
Sulistiana, O., Rachman, T., Yamin, M., & Saleh, M. (2025). Competency and Certification Gaps Among Traditional Shipping Seafarers in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Future Transportation, 5(4), 139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5040139
Sun, R., Chen, C.-D., Chen, M.-H., Wang, R., Ye, X., & Zou, S. S. (2025). The impact of meteorological factors on cruise operations. Transport Policy, 163, 232–246. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.12.023
Veltsin, N., Chountalas, P. T., Koutsouki, E., Karvounidi, M. D., & Fousteris, A. E. (2025). Modeling human critical success factors for maritime safety: a DEMATEL approach. Safety Science, 189(1), 106886. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106886
Yazid Fauzan et al., A. (2024). Pengaruh Crew Change Plan Terhadap Ketidaksesuaian Kontrak Kerja. LOGIN Journal, 1(1), 64–71. https://journal.imeral.or.id/index.php/LOGIN/article/download/5/5/36
(IMO), I. M. O. (2020a). Fitness for duty. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/HumanElement/Pages/Seafarers-hours-of-work-and-rest.aspx
(IMO), I. M. O. (2020b). Seafarers’ hours of work and rest. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/HumanElement/Pages/Seafarers-hours-of-work-and-rest.aspx
(IMO), I. M. O. (2025). Safety and environmental best practices for port operations. IMO Publications.
(IMO), I. M. O., & (ILO), I. L. O. (2010). Guidelines for the development of tables of seafarers’ shipboard working arrangements and formats of records of seafarers’ hours of work or hours of rest. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/HumanElement/Documents/ILO-IMO-Hours of rest_1.pdf
Bhatia, B. S. (2024). PRACTICE UNVEILS WEAKNESSES: Analysing the Implementation of Regulations on Seafarers’ Work/Rest Hours (Issue 37). WMU.
Borovnik, Maria. (2024). Trapped in the COVID-19 pandemic: Seafarers and the global crew change crisis. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 33(1), 93–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968241253850
De Beukelaer, C. (2021). COVID‑19 border closures cause humanitarian crew change crisis at sea. Marine Policy, 132(1), 104661. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104661
Dohrmann, S., & Leppin, A. (2017). Determinants of seafarers’ fatigue: a systematic review and quality assessment. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 90(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-016-1174-y
El-Thalji, I. (2024). Exploring More Sustainable Offshore Logistics Scenarios Using Shared Resources: A Multi-Stakeholder Perspective. Logistics, 8(4), 101–116. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics8040101
Hitt, M., Ireland, R., & Hoskisson, R. (2013). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization. Cengage Southwestern Publishing Co.
ILO, I. L. O. (2022). Joint statement urging continued collaboration to address the crew change crisis, safeguard seafarer health and safety, and avoid supply chain disruptions. https://www.ilo.org/resource/statement/joint-statement-urging-continued-collaboration-address-crew-change-crisis-0
IMO, I. M. O., ILO, I. L. O., Compact, U. N. G., & OHCHR, O. of the H. C. for H. R. (2021). Maritime Human Rights Risks and the COVID‑19 Crew Change Crisis. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/Documents/Maritime Human Rights Risks and the COVID-19 Crew Change Crisis 20210425.pdf
IMO, I. M. O., ILO, I. L. O., & ICAO, I. C. A. O. (2020). IMO, ILO, and ICAO Joint Statement on Crew Change and Key Workers. https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/pages/16-IMO-ICAO-ILO-joint-statement.aspx
Jepsen, Riis;, J., Zhao, Z., Leeuwen, V., & A, W. M. (2015). mitigation Seafarer fatigue : a review of risk factors , consequences for seafarers ’ health and safety and options for mitigation. International Maritime Health, 66(2), 106–117. https://doi.org/10.5603/IMH.2015.0024
Karmeli, J. (2025). Liner Schedule Reliability Problem : An Empirical Analysis of Disruptions and Recovery Measures in Container Shipping. Logistics, 9(4), 1–24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics9040149
Kerkamm, F., Dengler, D., Eichler, M., Materzok-Köppen, D., Belz, L., Neumann, F. A., Zyriax, B. C., Harth, V., & Oldenburg, M. (2021). Measurement Methods of Fatigue, Sleepiness, and Sleep Behaviour Aboard Ships: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010120
Lau, Y., Chen, Q., Poo, M. C.-P., Ng, A. K. Y., & Ying, C. C. (2024). Maritime transport resilience: A systematic literature review on the current state of the art, research agenda and future research directions. Ocean & Coastal Management, 251(1), 107086. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107086
Luchenko, D., & Georgiievskyi, I. (2021). Administrative Restrictions in Ports: Practice of Crew Rotations During COVID-19 Pandemic. Lex Portus, 7(3), 7–31. https://doi.org/10.26886/2524-101X.7.3.2021.1
Ma, M., & Liao, R. (2025). Factors affecting seafarers’ fatigue: a scoping review. Frontiers in Public Health, 13(1), 1647685. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1647685
Ma, X., Shi, G., & Liu, Z. (2023). Unraveling the Usage Characteristics of Human Element, Human Factor, and Human Error in Maritime Safety. Applied Sciences, 13(5), 2850–2867. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052850
Maharani, A., Dewi, A. M., Dokumen, P., Kapal, S. K., Operasional, E., & Pelayaran, M. (2025). Analisis Mekanisme Replacement Dan Pengurusan Dokumen Crew Dalam Operasional Kapal Perusahaan Gurita Lintas Samudera. Majalah Ilmiah Bahari Jogja (MIBJ), 23(2), 167–178. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33489/mibj.v23i2.464
Mba, J. (2025). Advancing maritime operations sustainable practices and enhanced safety protocols for global shipping. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 25(1), 152–173. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.25.1.0028
Muhamad, I. N. N., & Salleh, S. S. (2024). Identifying Delay Factors in Maritime Operations : A Case Study of Ship Owner Perspective. International Journal Of Academic Research In Business And Social Sciences, 14(9), 261–275. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v14-i9/22318
Pangayuh, F. G., Siantur, Intan, Yudianto, P. Y., & Nofandi, F. (2025). Analisis Proses Crew Change Terhadap Kelancaran Operasional Kapal. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Business (RIGGS), 4(2), 4384–4389. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31004/riggs.v4i2.1237
Purnaningratri, I., Novi, R., Setiawan, A., & Widhianingsih, E. N. (2025). The Urgency of Developing a Crewing Management System ( CMS ) for PT MCS Internasional in the Era of Maritime Digitalization. Asian Journal of Social and Humanities, 4(1), 2265–2272. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.59888/3n7n4h62
Rapika, R., Sabila, F., & Siregar, N. (2025). Tantangan Dan Peluang Dalam Manajemen Kru Kapal Di Era Digital Pada PT Equinox Sentra Bahari Cabang Belawan. Jurnal Adiguna Maritim Indonesia, 2(1), 22–25. https://doi.org/10.54196/jami.v2i1.190
Ricardianto, P., Susilowati, E., Endri, E., Tjiptosudarmo, S., Suryobuwono, A. A., Soekirman, A., Wijana, I. M. D., & Kuncoro, Y. (2023). Vessel Crew Rotation Of The National Shipping Company During Covid-19 Pandemic Period. Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review, 7(4), 350–359. https://doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv7i4sip13
Sallis, E. (2002). Total Quality Management in Education. Routledge (Taylor and Francis Group). https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&id=QAOORZ9NdHQC&printsec=frontcover&utm_source=chatgpt.com
Sulistiana, O., Rachman, T., Yamin, M., & Saleh, M. (2025). Competency and Certification Gaps Among Traditional Shipping Seafarers in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Future Transportation, 5(4), 139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5040139
Sun, R., Chen, C.-D., Chen, M.-H., Wang, R., Ye, X., & Zou, S. S. (2025). The impact of meteorological factors on cruise operations. Transport Policy, 163, 232–246. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.12.023
Veltsin, N., Chountalas, P. T., Koutsouki, E., Karvounidi, M. D., & Fousteris, A. E. (2025). Modeling human critical success factors for maritime safety: a DEMATEL approach. Safety Science, 189(1), 106886. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106886
Yazid Fauzan et al., A. (2024). Pengaruh Crew Change Plan Terhadap Ketidaksesuaian Kontrak Kerja. LOGIN Journal, 1(1), 64–71. https://journal.imeral.or.id/index.php/LOGIN/article/download/5/5/36
