SERVICE OF MOORING, PILOTAGE, AND TUGGING IN SUPPORTING THE SMOOTH OPERATION OF SHIPS AT TANJUNG EMAS SEMARANG PORT
Keywords:
Service effectiveness, pilotage, towage, mooring, multiple linear regression, portAbstract
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of pilotage, towage, and mooring services at Tanjung Emas Port Semarang, as well as the factors influencing the effectiveness of these three services. The findings indicate that pilotage services at Tanjung Emas Port take an average of 1.5 hours, which is longer than the expected standard time. The longer pilotage time is due to limited pilot personnel and insufficient pilot vessel capacity to handle large ships. Towage services also significantly affect the waiting time of ships, with an average towage delay of 1-2 hours, which is longer than the desired standard. The limited towage vessel capacity and lack of coordination between towage officers hinder the efficiency of towage services. Mooring services, especially at the lower berth of the Samudera dock, are affected by extreme weather conditions, such as rob, which leads to delays in mooring ships. The factors affecting the effectiveness of these three services include limitations in human resource capacity, vessel capacity (towage and pilot vessels), and weather impacts, which can delay service processes. The multiple linear regression model used in this study shows that pilotage, towage, and mooring services collectively explain 69.2% of the variation in port effectiveness. Therefore, towage vessel capacity, pilot personnel, and mooring infrastructure that can withstand adverse weather conditions are key factors that need to be addressed to improve port operational effectiveness.
References
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Finoawa, A. J. (2025). Pelayanan pemanduan dan penundaan kapal BSP XXV. Jurnal Riset Manajemen, 5(1), 180–192.
Haryono, B. (2024). Studi kasus pelabuhan Tanjung Emas dalam pengelolaan mooring kapal. Jurnal Ekonomi Maritim, 19(1), 123–134.
Issa‑Zadeh & Garay‑Rondero, C. L., S. B. (2025). Maritime pilotage and sustainable seaport: A systematic review. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050945
Issa‑Zadeh, S. B. (2025). Maritime pilotage and sustainable seaport: A systematic review. MDPI Journal of Marine Science, 13(5), 945.
Jayanti, P., Mardiana, M., Laksmana, B., Sukardi, S., & Kahardianto, R. (2025). Port Service Bottlenecks and Shipping Agency Performance in Banten: A Qualitative Analysis. Jurnal Publikasi Sistem Informasi Dan Manajemen Bisnis, 4(3), 172–182. https://doi.org/10.55606/jupsim.v4i3.5347
Mahendra, A. R. (2025). Analisis kinerja pelayanan dermaga umum di Pelabuhan Tanjung Wangi. Poltekpel Surabaya Repository.
Markolf, S. A., Hoehne, C., Fraser, A., Chester, M. V, & Underwood, B. S. (2019). Transportation resilience to climate change and extreme weather events – Beyond risk and robustness. Transport Policy, 74(1), 174–186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.11.003
Moravej, S. (2025). Outsourcing strategies for pilotage and towage operations. Journal of Operations Management, 29(2), 203–216.
Mthembu & Chasomeris, M. G., S. E. (2023). An assessment of the capacity and the performance of marine services in South Africa’s ports. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management.
Naghash, H., Schott, D., & Pruyn, J. (2025). Evolving shipping activity in climate scenarios: Coupling econometrics with Integrated Assessment Model. Ocean Engineering, 322(1), 1044–1064. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120516
Nikghadam, S., Vanga, R., Rezaei, J., & Tavasszy, L. (2025). Joint scheduling of vessels and vessel service providers for enhancing the efficiency of the port call process. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 27(1), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-024-00290-4
Nugraha, A. (2025). The impact of towage services on operational efficiency of ports in Indonesia. Journal of Transport Logistics, 13(4), 321–336.
Paulauskas & Paulauskas, D., V. (2025). Ship mooring methodology for berthing in limited conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering.
Paulauskas, V., & Paulauskas, D. (2025). Ship Mooring Methodology Designed for Ship Berthing in Extremely Limited Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030575
Prabowo, S. (2025). Pengaruh digitalisasi terhadap pengurangan emisi di pelabuhan-pelabuhan besar. International Journal of Environmental Impact, 10(1), 59–71.
Rachman, R. (2025). Analisis faktor yang mempengaruhi waktu tunggu kapal di pelabuhan Indonesia. Maritime Economics Journal, 17(4), 220–235.
Scholta, H., Halsbenning, S., & Niemann, M. (2025). A coordination perspective on digital public services in federal states. Government Information Quarterly, 42(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2024.101984
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Sjukri Zilal, M. H., & Sofilda, E., R. (2024). Implementation of ship guidance policy through digital long distance. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development.
Sunitiyoso, Y., Nuraeni, S., Pambudi, N. F., Inayati, T., Nurdayat, I. F., Hadiansyah, F., & Tiara, A. R. (2022). Port performance factors and their interactions: A systems thinking approach. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 38(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2022.04.001
Suryadi et al., A. (2025). Analisis pengaruh pelayanan kepanduan dan penarikan kapal terhadap pencapaian target operasional pelabuhan. Journal Marine Inside, 8(2), 115–122.
Sutrisno & Mulyadi, Y., A. (2025). Peningkatan kinerja operasional pelabuhan dengan menggunakan teknologi terbaru. Jurnal Teknologi Pelabuhan, 22(2), 190–200.
Syaifullah Kuncowati, K., & Supangat, S., F. (2025). Analysis of the causes of delays in pilotage and towing services. Jurnal Aplikasi Pelayaran Dan Kepelabuhanan, 16(1), 45–49.
Verschuur, J., Koks, E. E., & Hall, J. W. (2020). Port disruptions due to natural disasters: Insights into port and logistics resilience. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 85(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102393
Wibowo, H. (2025). Evaluasi sistem manajemen pelabuhan di era digital. Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi Laut, 19(1), 123–134.
Zhang et al., J. (2024). Frontier methods and new perspectives in port efficiency. Transport Policy Review.
Zulkifli & Wiryanto, A., M. (2024). Digitalisasi Pelayanan Pemanduan dan Penundaan Kapal. Journal of Digital Shipping, 14(2), 45–57.
Amir Sudirman, S., & Saputra, T. D., H. (2024). Evaluasi efektivitas pelayanan pemanduan kapal di Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak Surabaya. Jurnal Aplikasi Pelayaran Dan Kepelabuhanan, 16(1), 50–62.
Finoawa, A. J. (2025). Pelayanan pemanduan dan penundaan kapal BSP XXV. Jurnal Riset Manajemen, 5(1), 180–192.
Haryono, B. (2024). Studi kasus pelabuhan Tanjung Emas dalam pengelolaan mooring kapal. Jurnal Ekonomi Maritim, 19(1), 123–134.
Issa‑Zadeh & Garay‑Rondero, C. L., S. B. (2025). Maritime pilotage and sustainable seaport: A systematic review. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050945
Issa‑Zadeh, S. B. (2025). Maritime pilotage and sustainable seaport: A systematic review. MDPI Journal of Marine Science, 13(5), 945.
Jayanti, P., Mardiana, M., Laksmana, B., Sukardi, S., & Kahardianto, R. (2025). Port Service Bottlenecks and Shipping Agency Performance in Banten: A Qualitative Analysis. Jurnal Publikasi Sistem Informasi Dan Manajemen Bisnis, 4(3), 172–182. https://doi.org/10.55606/jupsim.v4i3.5347
Mahendra, A. R. (2025). Analisis kinerja pelayanan dermaga umum di Pelabuhan Tanjung Wangi. Poltekpel Surabaya Repository.
Markolf, S. A., Hoehne, C., Fraser, A., Chester, M. V, & Underwood, B. S. (2019). Transportation resilience to climate change and extreme weather events – Beyond risk and robustness. Transport Policy, 74(1), 174–186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.11.003
Moravej, S. (2025). Outsourcing strategies for pilotage and towage operations. Journal of Operations Management, 29(2), 203–216.
Mthembu & Chasomeris, M. G., S. E. (2023). An assessment of the capacity and the performance of marine services in South Africa’s ports. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management.
Naghash, H., Schott, D., & Pruyn, J. (2025). Evolving shipping activity in climate scenarios: Coupling econometrics with Integrated Assessment Model. Ocean Engineering, 322(1), 1044–1064. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120516
Nikghadam, S., Vanga, R., Rezaei, J., & Tavasszy, L. (2025). Joint scheduling of vessels and vessel service providers for enhancing the efficiency of the port call process. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 27(1), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-024-00290-4
Nugraha, A. (2025). The impact of towage services on operational efficiency of ports in Indonesia. Journal of Transport Logistics, 13(4), 321–336.
Paulauskas & Paulauskas, D., V. (2025). Ship mooring methodology for berthing in limited conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering.
Paulauskas, V., & Paulauskas, D. (2025). Ship Mooring Methodology Designed for Ship Berthing in Extremely Limited Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030575
Prabowo, S. (2025). Pengaruh digitalisasi terhadap pengurangan emisi di pelabuhan-pelabuhan besar. International Journal of Environmental Impact, 10(1), 59–71.
Rachman, R. (2025). Analisis faktor yang mempengaruhi waktu tunggu kapal di pelabuhan Indonesia. Maritime Economics Journal, 17(4), 220–235.
Scholta, H., Halsbenning, S., & Niemann, M. (2025). A coordination perspective on digital public services in federal states. Government Information Quarterly, 42(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2024.101984
Setia, M. S. (2023). The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods and Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences. In A. L. Nichols, And, & J. Edlund (Eds.), Volume 1: Building a Program of Research (1st ed., pp. 269–291). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009010054.014
Sjukri Zilal, M. H., & Sofilda, E., R. (2024). Implementation of ship guidance policy through digital long distance. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development.
Sunitiyoso, Y., Nuraeni, S., Pambudi, N. F., Inayati, T., Nurdayat, I. F., Hadiansyah, F., & Tiara, A. R. (2022). Port performance factors and their interactions: A systems thinking approach. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 38(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2022.04.001
Suryadi et al., A. (2025). Analisis pengaruh pelayanan kepanduan dan penarikan kapal terhadap pencapaian target operasional pelabuhan. Journal Marine Inside, 8(2), 115–122.
Sutrisno & Mulyadi, Y., A. (2025). Peningkatan kinerja operasional pelabuhan dengan menggunakan teknologi terbaru. Jurnal Teknologi Pelabuhan, 22(2), 190–200.
Syaifullah Kuncowati, K., & Supangat, S., F. (2025). Analysis of the causes of delays in pilotage and towing services. Jurnal Aplikasi Pelayaran Dan Kepelabuhanan, 16(1), 45–49.
Verschuur, J., Koks, E. E., & Hall, J. W. (2020). Port disruptions due to natural disasters: Insights into port and logistics resilience. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 85(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102393
Wibowo, H. (2025). Evaluasi sistem manajemen pelabuhan di era digital. Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi Laut, 19(1), 123–134.
Zhang et al., J. (2024). Frontier methods and new perspectives in port efficiency. Transport Policy Review.
Zulkifli & Wiryanto, A., M. (2024). Digitalisasi Pelayanan Pemanduan dan Penundaan Kapal. Journal of Digital Shipping, 14(2), 45–57.
Amir Sudirman, S., & Saputra, T. D., H. (2024). Evaluasi efektivitas pelayanan pemanduan kapal di Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak Surabaya. Jurnal Aplikasi Pelayaran Dan Kepelabuhanan, 16(1), 50–62.
Finoawa, A. J. (2025). Pelayanan pemanduan dan penundaan kapal BSP XXV. Jurnal Riset Manajemen, 5(1), 180–192.
Haryono, B. (2024). Studi kasus pelabuhan Tanjung Emas dalam pengelolaan mooring kapal. Jurnal Ekonomi Maritim, 19(1), 123–134.
Issa‑Zadeh & Garay‑Rondero, C. L., S. B. (2025). Maritime pilotage and sustainable seaport: A systematic review. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050945
Issa‑Zadeh, S. B. (2025). Maritime pilotage and sustainable seaport: A systematic review. MDPI Journal of Marine Science, 13(5), 945.
Jayanti, P., Mardiana, M., Laksmana, B., Sukardi, S., & Kahardianto, R. (2025). Port Service Bottlenecks and Shipping Agency Performance in Banten: A Qualitative Analysis. Jurnal Publikasi Sistem Informasi Dan Manajemen Bisnis, 4(3), 172–182. https://doi.org/10.55606/jupsim.v4i3.5347
Mahendra, A. R. (2025). Analisis kinerja pelayanan dermaga umum di Pelabuhan Tanjung Wangi. Poltekpel Surabaya Repository.
Markolf, S. A., Hoehne, C., Fraser, A., Chester, M. V, & Underwood, B. S. (2019). Transportation resilience to climate change and extreme weather events – Beyond risk and robustness. Transport Policy, 74(1), 174–186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.11.003
Moravej, S. (2025). Outsourcing strategies for pilotage and towage operations. Journal of Operations Management, 29(2), 203–216.
Mthembu & Chasomeris, M. G., S. E. (2023). An assessment of the capacity and the performance of marine services in South Africa’s ports. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management.
Naghash, H., Schott, D., & Pruyn, J. (2025). Evolving shipping activity in climate scenarios: Coupling econometrics with Integrated Assessment Model. Ocean Engineering, 322(1), 1044–1064. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120516
Nikghadam, S., Vanga, R., Rezaei, J., & Tavasszy, L. (2025). Joint scheduling of vessels and vessel service providers for enhancing the efficiency of the port call process. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 27(1), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-024-00290-4
Nugraha, A. (2025). The impact of towage services on operational efficiency of ports in Indonesia. Journal of Transport Logistics, 13(4), 321–336.
Paulauskas & Paulauskas, D., V. (2025). Ship mooring methodology for berthing in limited conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering.
Paulauskas, V., & Paulauskas, D. (2025). Ship Mooring Methodology Designed for Ship Berthing in Extremely Limited Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030575
Prabowo, S. (2025). Pengaruh digitalisasi terhadap pengurangan emisi di pelabuhan-pelabuhan besar. International Journal of Environmental Impact, 10(1), 59–71.
Rachman, R. (2025). Analisis faktor yang mempengaruhi waktu tunggu kapal di pelabuhan Indonesia. Maritime Economics Journal, 17(4), 220–235.
Scholta, H., Halsbenning, S., & Niemann, M. (2025). A coordination perspective on digital public services in federal states. Government Information Quarterly, 42(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2024.101984
Setia, M. S. (2023). The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods and Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences. In A. L. Nichols, And, & J. Edlund (Eds.), Volume 1: Building a Program of Research (1st ed., pp. 269–291). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009010054.014
Sjukri Zilal, M. H., & Sofilda, E., R. (2024). Implementation of ship guidance policy through digital long distance. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development.
Sunitiyoso, Y., Nuraeni, S., Pambudi, N. F., Inayati, T., Nurdayat, I. F., Hadiansyah, F., & Tiara, A. R. (2022). Port performance factors and their interactions: A systems thinking approach. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 38(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2022.04.001
Suryadi et al., A. (2025). Analisis pengaruh pelayanan kepanduan dan penarikan kapal terhadap pencapaian target operasional pelabuhan. Journal Marine Inside, 8(2), 115–122.
Sutrisno & Mulyadi, Y., A. (2025). Peningkatan kinerja operasional pelabuhan dengan menggunakan teknologi terbaru. Jurnal Teknologi Pelabuhan, 22(2), 190–200.
Syaifullah Kuncowati, K., & Supangat, S., F. (2025). Analysis of the causes of delays in pilotage and towing services. Jurnal Aplikasi Pelayaran Dan Kepelabuhanan, 16(1), 45–49.
Verschuur, J., Koks, E. E., & Hall, J. W. (2020). Port disruptions due to natural disasters: Insights into port and logistics resilience. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 85(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102393
Wibowo, H. (2025). Evaluasi sistem manajemen pelabuhan di era digital. Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi Laut, 19(1), 123–134.
Zhang et al., J. (2024). Frontier methods and new perspectives in port efficiency. Transport Policy Review.
Zulkifli & Wiryanto, A., M. (2024). Digitalisasi Pelayanan Pemanduan dan Penundaan Kapal. Journal of Digital Shipping, 14(2), 45–57.
Amir Sudirman, S., & Saputra, T. D., H. (2024). Evaluasi efektivitas pelayanan pemanduan kapal di Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak Surabaya. Jurnal Aplikasi Pelayaran Dan Kepelabuhanan, 16(1), 50–62.
Finoawa, A. J. (2025). Pelayanan pemanduan dan penundaan kapal BSP XXV. Jurnal Riset Manajemen, 5(1), 180–192.
Haryono, B. (2024). Studi kasus pelabuhan Tanjung Emas dalam pengelolaan mooring kapal. Jurnal Ekonomi Maritim, 19(1), 123–134.
Issa‑Zadeh & Garay‑Rondero, C. L., S. B. (2025). Maritime pilotage and sustainable seaport: A systematic review. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050945
Issa‑Zadeh, S. B. (2025). Maritime pilotage and sustainable seaport: A systematic review. MDPI Journal of Marine Science, 13(5), 945.
Jayanti, P., Mardiana, M., Laksmana, B., Sukardi, S., & Kahardianto, R. (2025). Port Service Bottlenecks and Shipping Agency Performance in Banten: A Qualitative Analysis. Jurnal Publikasi Sistem Informasi Dan Manajemen Bisnis, 4(3), 172–182. https://doi.org/10.55606/jupsim.v4i3.5347
Mahendra, A. R. (2025). Analisis kinerja pelayanan dermaga umum di Pelabuhan Tanjung Wangi. Poltekpel Surabaya Repository.
Markolf, S. A., Hoehne, C., Fraser, A., Chester, M. V, & Underwood, B. S. (2019). Transportation resilience to climate change and extreme weather events – Beyond risk and robustness. Transport Policy, 74(1), 174–186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.11.003
Moravej, S. (2025). Outsourcing strategies for pilotage and towage operations. Journal of Operations Management, 29(2), 203–216.
Mthembu & Chasomeris, M. G., S. E. (2023). An assessment of the capacity and the performance of marine services in South Africa’s ports. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management.
Naghash, H., Schott, D., & Pruyn, J. (2025). Evolving shipping activity in climate scenarios: Coupling econometrics with Integrated Assessment Model. Ocean Engineering, 322(1), 1044–1064. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120516
Nikghadam, S., Vanga, R., Rezaei, J., & Tavasszy, L. (2025). Joint scheduling of vessels and vessel service providers for enhancing the efficiency of the port call process. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 27(1), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-024-00290-4
Nugraha, A. (2025). The impact of towage services on operational efficiency of ports in Indonesia. Journal of Transport Logistics, 13(4), 321–336.
Paulauskas & Paulauskas, D., V. (2025). Ship mooring methodology for berthing in limited conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering.
Paulauskas, V., & Paulauskas, D. (2025). Ship Mooring Methodology Designed for Ship Berthing in Extremely Limited Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030575
Prabowo, S. (2025). Pengaruh digitalisasi terhadap pengurangan emisi di pelabuhan-pelabuhan besar. International Journal of Environmental Impact, 10(1), 59–71.
Rachman, R. (2025). Analisis faktor yang mempengaruhi waktu tunggu kapal di pelabuhan Indonesia. Maritime Economics Journal, 17(4), 220–235.
Scholta, H., Halsbenning, S., & Niemann, M. (2025). A coordination perspective on digital public services in federal states. Government Information Quarterly, 42(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2024.101984
Setia, M. S. (2023). The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods and Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences. In A. L. Nichols, And, & J. Edlund (Eds.), Volume 1: Building a Program of Research (1st ed., pp. 269–291). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009010054.014
Sjukri Zilal, M. H., & Sofilda, E., R. (2024). Implementation of ship guidance policy through digital long distance. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development.
Sunitiyoso, Y., Nuraeni, S., Pambudi, N. F., Inayati, T., Nurdayat, I. F., Hadiansyah, F., & Tiara, A. R. (2022). Port performance factors and their interactions: A systems thinking approach. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 38(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2022.04.001
Suryadi et al., A. (2025). Analisis pengaruh pelayanan kepanduan dan penarikan kapal terhadap pencapaian target operasional pelabuhan. Journal Marine Inside, 8(2), 115–122.
Sutrisno & Mulyadi, Y., A. (2025). Peningkatan kinerja operasional pelabuhan dengan menggunakan teknologi terbaru. Jurnal Teknologi Pelabuhan, 22(2), 190–200.
Syaifullah Kuncowati, K., & Supangat, S., F. (2025). Analysis of the causes of delays in pilotage and towing services. Jurnal Aplikasi Pelayaran Dan Kepelabuhanan, 16(1), 45–49.
Verschuur, J., Koks, E. E., & Hall, J. W. (2020). Port disruptions due to natural disasters: Insights into port and logistics resilience. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 85(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102393
Wibowo, H. (2025). Evaluasi sistem manajemen pelabuhan di era digital. Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi Laut, 19(1), 123–134.
Zhang et al., J. (2024). Frontier methods and new perspectives in port efficiency. Transport Policy Review.
Zulkifli & Wiryanto, A., M. (2024). Digitalisasi Pelayanan Pemanduan dan Penundaan Kapal. Journal of Digital Shipping, 14(2), 45–57.
